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Strategic Maneuver Back at It Again

Written By الجمعة، 20 مايو 2022 Add Comment Edit

1805 battle during the War of the Third Coalition

Battle of Ulm
Part of the Ulm campaign during the War of the Third Coalition
Battle of Hohenlinden File:Ulm capitulation.jpg Battle of Dürenstein

Ulm


Click left for previous and right for side by side boxing.
The Capitulation of Ulm, by Charles Thévenin
Engagement 16–19 Oct 1805
Location

Ulm, Electorate of Bavaria

48°23′00″N 9°59′00″Eastward  /  48.3833°N 9.9833°E  / 48.3833; 9.9833
Result

French victory

  • France gains command over Bavaria
Belligerents
First French Empire French Empire Habsburg Monarchy Habsburg monarchy
Commanders and leaders
First French Empire Napoleon Bonaparte
First French Empire Michel Ney		 Habsburg Monarchy Karl Mack von Leiberich (Pw)
Habsburg Monarchy Johann I Joseph
Strength
80,000[1] [2] xl,000[1] [3] [4]
Casualties and losses
1,500 killed, wounded or captured[5] [six] [7] 4,000 killed or wounded
27,000 captured[five] [six] [seven]

Battle of Ulm is located in Europe

Battle of Ulm

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Location inside Europe

 current battle

 Napoleon in control

 Napoleon not in command

The Boxing of Ulm on 16–19 October 1805 was a series of skirmishes, at the end of the Ulm Campaign, which immune Napoleon I to trap an unabridged Austrian regular army under the control of Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich with minimal losses and to force its surrender near Ulm in the Electorate of Bavaria.[viii] [nine]

Groundwork [edit]

In 1805, the United kingdom, the Austrian Empire, Sweden, and the Russian Empire formed the Third Coalition to overthrow the French Empire.[x] [8] When Bavaria sided with Napoleon, the Austrians, 72,000 potent nether Mack, prematurely invaded while the Russians were even so marching through Poland.[11]

The Ulm Entrada September–October 1805.

The Austrians expected the main battles of the war to have place in northern Italy, not Germany, and intended only to protect the Alps from French forces.[12] [3] [four]

A popular but counterfeit legend has it that the Austrians used the Gregorian calendar, the Russians were yet using the Julian calendar. This meant that their dates did not correspond, and the Austrians were brought into conflict with the French before the Russians could come into line.[13] This uncomplicated but improbable explanation for the Russian ground forces being far backside the Austrian is dismissed past scholar Frederick Kagan as "a bizarre myth".[14] [fifteen]

Napoleon had 177,000 troops of the Grande Armée at Boulogne, ready to invade England.[16] [17] They marched south on 27 August and by 24 September were ready to cross the Rhine from Mannheim to Strasbourg. After crossing the Rhine, the greater office of the French army made a gigantic right bike then that its corps reached the Danube simultaneously, facing south.[18] On 7 October, Mack learned that Napoleon planned to cross the Danube and march around his correct flank so equally to cut him off from the Russians who were marching via Vienna. He accordingly changed front, placing his left at Ulm and his right at Rain, only the French went on and crossed the Danube at Neuburg, Donauwörth, and Ingolstadt.[17] Unable to end the French avalanche, Michael von Kienmayer'south Austrian corps abandoned its positions along the river and fled to Munich.[19]

On 8 October, Franz Auffenberg's partition was cut to pieces past Joachim Murat'south Cavalry Corps and Jean Lannes' V Corps at the Boxing of Wertingen. The following day, Mack attempted to cross the Danube and motion northward. He was defeated in the Battle of Günzburg by Jean-Pierre Firmin Malher'south division of Michel Ney's Half dozen Corps which was still operating on the n bank.[17] During the activeness, the French seized a bridgehead on the south bank. After kickoff withdrawing to Ulm, Mack tried to break out to the due north. His army was blocked past Pierre Dupont de l'Etang'due south VI Corps division and some cavalry in the Battle of Haslach-Jungingen on 11 October.[xviii] [20]

By the 11th, Napoleon's corps were spread out in a wide net to snare Mack'south army. Nicolas Soult'south Four Corps reached Landsberg am Lech and turned east to cutting off Mack from Tyrol. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte's I Corps and Louis Nicolas Davout's Iii Corps converged on Munich. Auguste Marmont's Two Corps was at Augsburg. Murat, Ney, Lannes, and the Imperial Guard began endmost in on Ulm. Mack ordered the corps of Franz von Werneck to march northeast, while Johann Sigismund Riesch covered its right flank at Elchingen. The Austrian commander sent Franz Jellacic's corps due south toward Tyrol and held the rest of his army at Ulm.[21]

Battle [edit]

Mack surrenders to Napoleon at Ulm by Paul-Emile Boutigny

On 14 October, Ney crushed Riesch's pocket-sized corps at the Battle of Elchingen and chased its survivors back into Ulm. Murat detected Werneck's force and raced in pursuit with his cavalry. Over the next few days, Werneck'southward corps was overwhelmed in a series of actions at Langenau, Herbrechtingen, Nördlingen, and Neresheim. On xviii Oct, he surrendered the remainder of his troops. Only Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este and a few other generals escaped to Bohemia with near 1,200 cavalry.[22] Meanwhile, Soult secured the give up of four,600 Austrians at Memmingen and swung n to box in Mack from the south. Jellacic slipped by Soult and escaped to the due south just to be hunted down and captured in the Capitulation of Dornbirn in mid-November past Pierre Augereau's tardily-arriving Vii Corps. Past 16 October, Napoleon had surrounded Mack'southward entire army at Ulm, and four days later Mack surrendered with 25,000 men, 18 generals, 65 guns, and 40 standards.[23] [22]

Some 20,000 escaped, ten,000 were killed or wounded, and the residuum fabricated prisoner.[6] About 500 French were killed and ane,000 wounded, a low number for such a decisive boxing.[22] [24] In less than 15 days the Grande Armée neutralized 60,000 Austrians and 30 generals. At the surrender (known equally the Convention of Ulm), Mack offered his sword and presented himself to Napoleon equally "the unfortunate General Mack".[25] [26] [five] [6] Mack was court-martialed and sentenced to two years' imprisonment.[27]

Aftermath [edit]

Napoleon I saluting the wounded Austrians later their surrender.

The Ulm Campaign is considered an instance of a strategic victory, though Napoleon indeed had an overwhelming superior force. The campaign was won with no major battle. The Austrians fell into the same trap Napoleon had set at the Boxing of Marengo, but unlike Marengo, the trap worked with success. Everything was made to confuse the enemy.

In his proclamation in the Message de la Grande Armée of 21 October 1805 Napoleon said, "Soldiers of the Grande Armée, I announced you a nifty battle. Just thanks to the bad combinations of the enemy, I obtained the same success with no take chances ... In fifteen days we have won a campaign."[28] [7]

By defeating the Austrian army, Napoleon secured his conquest of Vienna, which was to be taken 1 calendar month afterwards.[7] [27] [21]

Like the Battle of Austerlitz, the Ulm Campaign is nevertheless taught in war machine schools worldwide,[29] [ix] [30] and would go along to influence armed services leaders to present times, a notable case being that of the Schlieffen Plan adult by Germany to envelope what they assumed and expected would be French-led allied troops and win Globe War I.[31] Indeed, Dupuy would say well-nigh the boxing in his Harper Encyclopedia of Armed services History that it actually "was not a boxing; it was a strategic victory and so consummate and so overwhelming that the consequence was never seriously contested in tactical combat. Also, This campaign opened the about bright year of Napoleon'due south career. His ground forces had been trained to perfection; his plans were faultless."[32]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 41.
  2. ^ Maude 1912, pp. 43–73, Affiliate II. The French Regular army.
  3. ^ a b Maude 1912, pp. 1–43, Chapter I. The Austrian Regular army.
  4. ^ a b Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 32.
  5. ^ a b c Nafziger 2002, p. 282, Ulm, Capitulation of. (-U-).
  6. ^ a b c d Chandler 2009, p. 399, 35. Strategic Triumph-Ulm (Function Seven. From the Rhine to the Danube).
  7. ^ a b c d Maude 1912, pp. 252–264, Chapter Nine. Conclusion.
  8. ^ a b Connelly 2012, pp. 118–141, 9. Subduing the European powers: Austerlitz – Jena-Auerstädt – Friedland, 1805–07. sfn error: no target: CITEREFConnelly2012 (help)
  9. ^ a b Allsbrook, John T. Turin, Dustin (ed.). "Napoleon Bonaparte's Acme of War machine Success: Ulm and Austerlitz". Inquiries Periodical. Boston, Massachusetts, U.s.a.: Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse LLC/Northeastern University. iv (9): 1–2. ISSN 2153-5760. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016.
  10. ^ Connelly 2012, pp. 107–117, eight. Marengo and the Grand Armée, 1800–1805. sfn error: no target: CITEREFConnelly2012 (assist)
  11. ^ Ralby, Aaron; et al. (Illustration by Andy Well-baked) (2013). "6. Europe (The Napoleonic Menstruation 1799–1815)". In Hamilton, Jill; Moore, Damien; Baile, Philippa; Youel, Duncan; Cardon, Nanette (eds.). Atlas of world military history: From artifact to the nowadays day. Bath, England: Parragon/Moseley Road Inc. pp. 274–278. ISBN978-ane-4723-1236-five – via Internet Archive.
  12. ^ Chandler 2009, p. 382, 34. Plans and Preparations (Office 7. From the Rhine to the Danube).
  13. ^ Schneid 2012, pp. 35–fifty, 3. The Campaigns.
  14. ^ "battles of ulm". Dcjack.org. Retrieved 2022-03-twenty .
  15. ^ Fisher & Fremont-Barnes 2004, p. 31.
  16. ^ Mikaberidze 2020, pp. 173–187, Chapter 9. The Elephant Against the Whale: France and Britain at War, 1803–1804.
  17. ^ a b c Chandler 2009, pp. 382–389, 34. Plans and Preparations (Office Seven. From the Rhine to the Danube).
  18. ^ a b Chandler 2009, pp. 390–401, 35. Strategic Triumph-Ulm (Role Seven. From the Rhine to the Danube).
  19. ^ Chandler 2009, p. 186, xvi. Grand Tactics on the Battlefield (Role Three. Napoleon's Art of War).
  20. ^ Mikaberidze 2020, pp. 188–227, Chapter 10. The Emperor'southward Conquest, 1805–1807.
  21. ^ a b Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. (1912). "Map of Central Europe showing the routes taken by Napoleon to defeat the centrolineal Russo-Austrian army at the Battle of Ulm on 16–xix October 1805 and the Battle of Austerlitz in Dec 1805" (Military map). Written at London. Sketch Map illustrating Napoleon's Campaign in 1805 (Ulm & Austerlitz). 1:1,600,000. Whitehall Campaign Series. Cartography by Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. Canberra, Australia: Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. Vol. 11. Retrieved 6 Oct 2021 – via Trove (National Library of Australia).
  22. ^ a b c Chandler 2009, p. 400, 35. Strategic Triumph-Ulm (Part 7. From the Rhine to the Danube).
  23. ^ Gerges, Mark T. (2016). "Chapter 5 – 1805: Ulm and Austerlitz". In Leggiere, Michael V.; DeVries, Kelly; French republic, John; Neiberg, Michael S.; Schneid, Frederick (eds.). Napoleon and the Operational Art of War: Essays in Honor of Donald D. Horward. History of Warfare. Vol. 110 (1st ed.). Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands: Brill Publishers (published 26 Nov 2020). pp. 221–248. doi:x.1163/9789004310032_007. ISBN978-90-04-43441-vii. LCCN 2015042278.
  24. ^ Horne 2012, p. 105, 7. Ulm: 2 September–21 October (Role Ii: Austerlitz).
  25. ^ Blond, 1000. La Grande Armée. Castle Books, 1979. p. 59.
  26. ^ Haythornthwaite 1995, p. 68.
  27. ^ a b Horne 2012, pp. 116–128, eight. On to Vienna and Austerlitz: 21 October–28 Nov (Role Ii: Austerlitz).
  28. ^ Chandler 2009, p. 402, 36. The Warriors of Holy Russian federation (Part 7. From the Rhine to the Danube).
  29. ^ Macgregor, Douglas A. (1 December 1992). Matthews, Lloyd J.; Todd, Gregory N.; Stouffer, Phyllis G.; Brownish, John Eastward.; Stone, Michael P.W.; Stofft, William A. (eds.). "Future Boxing: The Merging Levels of War" (PDF). United States Army State of war College (USAWC). Parameters: Journal of the US Army War Higher. Carlisle Barracks (Carlisle, Pennsylvania): United States Department of Defense. XXII (4): 33–46. ISSN 0031-1723 – via Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC).
  30. ^ Thompson, Philip S. (ix Apr 1991). "III. The Lessons of History" (PDF). In Barefield, Robert 50.; McDonough, James R.; Brookes, Philip J. (eds.). U.S. Army Deception Planning at the Operation Level of War. Schoolhouse of Advanced Military Studies (Monograph on operational charade at the Ulm Campaign of 1805 and Operation Mincemeat of 1943). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: United States Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 11–23. Retrieved 6 October 2021 – via Defense Technical Information Centre (DTIC).
  31. ^ Brooks 2000, p. 156
    "It is a historical platitude to compare the Schlieffen Plan with Hannibal'south tactical envelopment at Cannae (216 BC); Schlieffen owed more than to Napoleon's strategic maneuver on Ulm (1805)"
  32. ^ Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor North. (1993) [1977]. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military machine History: From 3500 B.C. to the Nowadays (4th ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 816. ISBN0062700561.

References [edit]

  • Chandler, David One thousand.; et al. (Graphics and illustrations by Shelia Waters, pattern past Abe Lerner) (2009) [1966]. Lerner, Abe (ed.). The Campaigns of Napoleon: The mind and method of history'south greatest soldier. Vol. I (4th ed.). New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-1439131039 . Retrieved 26 September 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Maude, Fredericn Natusche (1912). The Ulm Entrada, 1805: The Special Entrada Series. The Special Campaign Series. Vol. XII (1st ed.). London: George Allen & Company, Ltd. – via Internet Archive.
  • Nafziger, George F. (2002). Woronoff, Jon (ed.). Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras. Vol. half dozen (1st ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0810866171 – via Google Books.
  • Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1995) [1990]. Leventhal, Lionel (ed.). The Napoleonic Source Volume (3rd ed.). London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN978-1854092878.
  • Horne, Alistair (2012) [1979]. Napoleon: Primary of Europe, 1805–1807 (9th ed.). London: Hachette United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. ISBN978-1780224572 – via Google Books.
  • Kagan, Frederick W.; et al. (Design by Lisa Kreinbrink) (2007) [2006]. The Stop of the Old Guild: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805. Napoleon and Europe. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press (Perseus Books Grouping). ISBN978-0306811371 – via Google Books.
  • Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill. ISBN1853672769.
  • Mikaberidze, Alexander (2020). The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History (1st ed.). New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0199951062. LCCN 2019019279. Retrieved 6 October 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Fisher, Todd; Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; et al. (Foreword by Bernard Cornwell) (2004). The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Essential Histories Specials (1st ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1841768311.
  • Brooks, Richard (2000). Brooks, Richard; Drury, Ian (eds.). Atlas of World Armed services History: The Art of War from Ancient Times to the Present Mean solar day (4th ed.). New York City: Barnes & Noble. ISBN978-0760720257.
  • Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. (1912). "Map of Primal Europe showing the routes taken past Napoleon to defeat the allied Russo-Austrian army at the Battle of Ulm on sixteen–19 October 1805 and the Battle of Austerlitz in December 1805" (Military map). Written at Canberrah, Australia. Sketch Map illustrating Napoleon's Campaign in 1805 (Ulm & Austerlitz). ane:1,600,000. Whitehall Entrada Serial. Cartography by Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. London: Forster Groom & Co. Ltd. Vol. 11. Retrieved 6 October 2021 – via Trove (National Library of Australia).
  • Schneid, Frederick C. (2012). Napoleonic Wars: The Essential Bibliography. Essential bibliography series (1st ed.). Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. ISBN978-1597972093. OCLC 967521768. Retrieved six Oct 2021 – via Google Books.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm

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